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Maksym Kryvonis
Maksym Kryvonis (aka "Crooked-nose", or Perebyinis) (???? - 1648) was one of the Cossack leaders of Khmelnytsky Uprising. In the first stage of the uprising he was the leader of the most radical faction of the rebels who rejected all compromises with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and wanted to drive all Catholics and Jews out of Ukraine.
==Origins==
The question about his origins remains unresolved. A Polish pamphlet published in 1648 states that he was a serf of the Nemyrych family 〔Документы об освободительной войне украинского народа 1648-1654 г.г., Киев, Наукова Думка, 1965, p.70: "Nie gniewajac na siebie wlasnego dziedzica... cnego Niemierzyca" "Do not make your master, honorable Nemyrych, angry".〕 (a hypothesis favoured by Soviet historiography). However, a German source about a meeting with Kryvonis in 1648 says that he is of Scottish origin ("ein gebohrenen Schott")〔Дмитро НАЛИВАЙКО "ОЧИМА ЗАХОДУ: Рецепція України в Західній Європі XI-XVIII ст.", КИЇВ — «Основи» — 1998, http://litopys.org.ua/ochyma/ochrus4.htm. German anonymous pamphlet "On the new rebellion of Cossacks against Poland", 1649, possibly by polish general of German origin Christopher Houvaldt. D.Nalyvayko, however, is sceptical on the matter of Scottish origins of Kryvonis.〕 In this case his real name may well have been not a nickname based on his crooked or broken nose, but a translation of his Scottish family name Cameron.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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